「我志在展示城市工業風光畫作的重要意義」——勞倫斯·斯蒂芬·洛瑞專家指南

40餘年來,英國最為人熟知的現代主義藝術家一直以收租人的身份工作生活。我們為您總結了這位備受愛戴的曼徹斯特畫家人生與藝術中的十大要點

1. 勞倫斯·斯蒂芬·洛瑞幾乎一生都在做收租人

勞倫斯·斯蒂芬·洛瑞(Laurence Stephen Lowry,1887-1976)於1887年出生於曼徹斯特草木繁茂的郊區,是一位地產經紀商和成功女鋼琴家的獨生子。儘管洛瑞一家屬於中產階級,但為了維持生計仍不得不搬到空氣污濁的彭德爾伯里(Pendlebury)工業區。為補貼家用,洛瑞16歲便輟學開始在一間會計事務所工作。

他從來不是一位全職藝術家:二十出頭時,他開始當收租人,這份工作一做便是四十年。但他幾乎每天下班後都埋頭創作,直至深夜——他更堅定否認自己是「星期天畫家」,表示「我是一星期每天都畫畫的星期天畫家。」

2. 洛瑞師從一位印象派大師學畫

由於洛瑞白天全職工作,而其繪畫風格又看似稚拙樸實,長期以來一直有觀點認為洛瑞是一位自學成才的藝術家。但這遠非事實:他在索爾福德藝術學校和市政藝術學院修讀油畫和素描的晚間課程,師從法國印象派藝術家阿道夫·瓦萊特(Adolphe Valette)。「他對我的影響深遠,無法估量。」洛瑞後來承認道。 

洛瑞從未採用印象派的技巧或用色創作——他常稱自己只用五種顏色:朱紅色、象牙黑、普魯士藍、赭黃色和鉛白色。而他與一眾印象派畫家的共同點,則是熱愛捕捉城市中現代生活的繁忙景象。

3. 一列晚點的火車改寫了他的藝術生涯

如今,洛瑞以其筆下英格蘭北部工業城市的繁忙景象而為世人所熟知,畫中若隱若現的製造廠、壯觀的工廠、冒煙的煙囪和大批工人均可見於洛瑞的得意之作。「我志在展示城市工業風光畫作的重要意義,因為(此前)沒有人認真畫過這一題材。」洛瑞如是說。 

佳士得倫敦現代英國及愛爾蘭藝術部高級董事Rachel Hidderley認為,洛瑞的成就早已遠遠超過他的志向。「很難想像有多少藝術家敢於嘗試在畫布上描繪二十世紀的工業大躍進,更不要說以如此卓越而堅定的方式創作。」專家說道。

洛瑞從未採用印象派的技巧或用色創作——他常稱自己只用五種顏色:朱紅色、象牙黑、普魯士藍、赭黃色和鉛白色。而他與一眾印象派畫家的共同點,則是熱愛捕捉城市中現代生活的繁忙景象。

3. 一列晚點的火車改寫了他的藝術生涯

如今,洛瑞以其筆下英格蘭北部工業城市的繁忙景象而為世人所熟知,畫中若隱若現的製造廠、壯觀的工廠、冒煙的煙囪和大批工人均可見於洛瑞的得意之作。「我志在展示城市工業風光畫作的重要意義,因為(此前)沒有人認真畫過這一題材。」洛瑞如是說。 

佳士得倫敦現代英國及愛爾蘭藝術部高級董事Rachel Hidderley認為,洛瑞的成就早已遠遠超過他的志向。「很難想像有多少藝術家敢於嘗試在畫布上描繪二十世紀的工業大躍進,更不要說以如此卓越而堅定的方式創作。」專家說道。

洛瑞曾經承認,他的創作靈感來自一次令人難以相信的際遇:見到彭德爾伯里車站一列晚點的火車後,他靈光一閃。「我看到艾克美公司的紡織廠:潮濕憂鬱的午後天空下……黑色的巨大建築中充斥著一行行閃著黃色燈光的房間。」洛瑞後來回憶時寫下這樣的文字。「成百個垂頭喪氣的小人從工廠中魚貫而出……這樣的景象我見過無數次,卻從未真正領會其意,現在我看到了當中真正的內涵,這令我狂喜萬分。」

4. 洛瑞的肖像畫才能被嚴重低估

洛瑞的城市風景畫作中常見許多細微的非寫實風格人像,被稱作「火柴人」,但1930年代中至末期,他以全然不同的風格繪畫人物,創作出一系列扣人心弦的肖像畫作。

洛瑞曾經承認,他的創作靈感來自一次令人難以相信的際遇:見到彭德爾伯里車站一列晚點的火車後,他靈光一閃。「我看到艾克美公司的紡織廠:潮濕憂鬱的午後天空下……黑色的巨大建築中充斥著一行行閃著黃色燈光的房間。」洛瑞後來回憶時寫下這樣的文字。「成百個垂頭喪氣的小人從工廠中魚貫而出……這樣的景象我見過無數次,卻從未真正領會其意,現在我看到了當中真正的內涵,這令我狂喜萬分。」

4. 洛瑞的肖像畫才能被嚴重低估

洛瑞的城市風景畫作中常見許多細微的非寫實風格人像,被稱作「火柴人」,但1930年代中至末期,他以全然不同的風格繪畫人物,創作出一系列扣人心弦的肖像畫作。

我們尚不清楚洛瑞畫中的人物是否真實存在:藝術家似乎將自己的特徵與在街上擦肩而過的男女面孔互相混合。據稱此系列畫作的黯淡氛圍來自洛瑞父親於1932年過世,而母親則長期臥病在床,藝術家一直與母親同住,難免情緒低落。

5. 洛瑞曾在二戰期間於曼徹斯特擔任「火災警戒員」

曼徹斯特大轟炸期間,洛瑞主動請纓,成為一名志願火災警戒員,每週有兩至三個晚上在Debenhams或Lewis’s等城中百貨商店房頂望風。納粹德國空軍的轟炸改變了城市景觀,洛瑞的畫作忠實記錄下那段戰火紛飛的歷史。

在《星期六下午》(1941年作)中,一群當地孩童正在一片空地上玩足球,這片空地後面可見四條街上的排屋,不過此處不久後即被炸彈所毀。

6. 二戰後,洛瑞的畫作漸趨積極活潑

洛瑞畫中所繪的城市工人階級生活情景並不冷酷無情,但亦非歡欣鼓舞。他筆下的人物具有某種一致性,在乏味單調中日復一日例行公事。洛瑞曾曰:「我只描繪貧窮的樣子;永遠都帶著陰霾與昏暗。你絕不會在我這裡看到一幅歡樂的畫像。」但第二次世界大戰結束後,他的繪畫風格開始有所改變。

譬如《黛西·努克公園的快樂市集》(1953年作),描繪了一年一度的蘭開夏郡復活節市集。在那個陽光充沛的午後,洛瑞以其敏銳觀察力和對細節的關注,繪下售賣氣球和陀螺的小販、頭戴尖帽的孩童、狗與嬰兒車等等;觀者從中得以一窺城市假日生活片段。

《南威爾士遊行,聖靈降臨節》中,藝術家筆下的人物正為慶祝基督教五旬節聖靈降臨節而參加一年一度的遊行。

「畫面中描繪的人群依然扣人心弦。」Hidderley如此評論二戰後洛瑞的創作。「但現在這些人物更常是在娛樂,而不是工作。」

7. 洛瑞熱愛足球

洛瑞是曼徹斯特城足球隊的忠實支持者,經常來到主場為球隊加油。他亦有數幅畫作描繪球迷前往球場或觀賞比賽的情景。2011年5月,佳士得倫敦以5,641,250英鎊的高價拍出藝術家於1949年創作的知名畫作《足球賽》,觀者透過此作可以鳥瞰賽場全景,不僅將運動場和球迷盡收眼底,更可見到賽場外的房屋與工廠。

洛瑞心系足球俱樂部的熱忱從未被忘記:2016年,曼城隊擁有者將一幅(未知)洛瑞畫作贈予球隊即將卸任的主教練曼努埃爾·佩萊格里尼(Manuel Pellegrini)。

8. 洛瑞一生都熱愛大海

洛瑞幼時起便常常來到海畔,與家人一同在北威爾士里爾市等地度假。「我一直都熱愛大海。」他後來回憶道。「海洋是多麼的美妙,但同時又是多麼的恐怖。我常常想……若是它突然改變主意,不再翻滾波濤——而是向我們直直撲來會怎樣?若是它從不停歇,只是不斷撞擊、撞擊、撞擊……那將是全世界的末日。」

洛瑞於1940、50及60年代繪下數幅海洋畫作。Hidderley表示,這些畫面中可見浩瀚無垠的海天相接,只有地平線從中分隔,「作品空曠的像是抽象藝術。」畫中不見一人一物,見證大自然無可衡量的超然存在和強大力量。

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1968年,洛瑞本有可能獲得騎士爵位,但他拒絕接受。「我一生中最反感的就是任何形式的社會分歧。」他這樣對英國首相哈羅德·威爾遜(Harold Wilson)解釋道。

10. 他最鍾愛的藝術家是但丁·加百列·羅塞蒂

1948年起,洛瑞的創作開始為其帶來可觀收入,他於是搬到曼徹斯特附近的朗登達爾莫特拉姆居住,那是個富裕的鄉郊。他亦開始收藏自己喜愛的 藝術家作品,尤其是前拉斐爾時期的藝術家但丁·加百列·羅塞蒂(Dante Gabriel Rossetti)。洛瑞甚至成立了一個「羅塞蒂協會」,並成為第一任會長。「沒有藝術家同羅塞蒂一樣,他的女子(畫作)十分精妙。」

勞倫斯·斯蒂芬·洛瑞於1976年逝世,享年88歲。他一生未婚,膝下無子,身後留下了一大批羅塞蒂的油畫和素描作品。

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L.S. Lowry spent almost his entire working life as a rent collector

Born in 1887 and raised in the leafy outskirts of Manchester, Laurence Stephen Lowry was an only child. His father was an estate agent, his mother an aspiring pianist. Although the family was middle class, financial difficulties meant they had to move to the insalubrious industrial area of Pendlebury. To help make ends meet, Lowry left school at 16 and clerked at an accountancy firm.

Lowry trained under an Impressionist master

Given his day job and the seemingly naive style of his paintings, it was long assumed that Lowry was self-taught. This is far from true: he took evening classes in painting and drawing at the Salford School of Art and the Municipal College of Art, where he studied under the French Impressionist Pierre Adolphe Valette. ‘I cannot overestimate his effect on me,’ Lowry later said of him.

Lowry was never a full-time artist: in his early twenties, he took a job as a rent collector, and this would be his primary trade for the next four decades. But he painted most days after work, late into the night — and firmly rejected the label of ‘Sunday painter’, remarking, ‘I’m a Sunday painter who paints every day of the week!’

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), A Village Scene, Rhuddlan, 1924. Pencil on paper. 9½ x 13½ in (24 x 34.3 cm). Sold for £38,100 on 19 March 2026 at Christie’s in London

洛瑞從未採用印象派的技巧或用色創作——他常稱自己只用五種顏色:朱紅色、象牙黑、普魯士藍、赭黃色和鉛白色。而他與一眾印象派畫家的共同點,則是熱愛捕捉城市中現代生活的繁忙景象。

3. 一列晚點的火車改寫了他的藝術生涯

如今,洛瑞以其筆下英格蘭北部工業城市的繁忙景象而為世人所熟知,畫中若隱若現的製造廠、壯觀的工廠、冒煙的煙囪和大批工人均可見於洛瑞的得意之作。「我志在展示城市工業風光畫作的重要意義,因為(此前)沒有人認真畫過這一題材。」洛瑞如是說。 

佳士得倫敦現代英國及愛爾蘭藝術部高級董事Rachel Hidderley認為,洛瑞的成就早已遠遠超過他的志向。「很難想像有多少藝術家敢於嘗試在畫布上描繪二十世紀的工業大躍進,更不要說以如此卓越而堅定的方式創作。」專家說道。

A missed train changed his career

Today, Lowry is best remembered for his busy scenes of England’s industrial north, complete with looming mills, imposing factories, smoking chimneys and massed ranks of workers. ‘My ambition was to put the industrial scene on the map because nobody [before] had seriously done it,’ he said.

Lowry more than achieved that — it’s hard to think of many artists who dared take on the great industrial progress of the 20th century, let alone paint it so compellingly.

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), The Black Tower, 1938. Oil on canvas. 21 x 15½ in (53.3 x 39.4 cm). Sold for £406,400 on 18 March 2026 at Christie’s in London

洛瑞曾經承認,他的創作靈感來自一次令人難以相信的際遇:見到彭德爾伯里車站一列晚點的火車後,他靈光一閃。「我看到艾克美公司的紡織廠:潮濕憂鬱的午後天空下……黑色的巨大建築中充斥著一行行閃著黃色燈光的房間。」洛瑞後來回憶時寫下這樣的文字。「成百個垂頭喪氣的小人從工廠中魚貫而出……這樣的景象我見過無數次,卻從未真正領會其意,現在我看到了當中真正的內涵,這令我狂喜萬分。」

4. 洛瑞的肖像畫才能被嚴重低估

洛瑞的城市風景畫作中常見許多細微的非寫實風格人像,被稱作「火柴人」,但1930年代中至末期,他以全然不同的風格繪畫人物,創作出一系列扣人心弦的肖像畫作。

Lowry was an underrated portraitist

Lowry’s cityscapes are populated by stylised figures often referred to as ‘matchstick men’, but in the 1920s and 1930s he took to painting people in a very different way, producing a series of haunting portraits.

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), Girl in a cloche hat, 1923. Oil on board. 14 x 10¼ in (35.5 x 26 cm). Sold for £76,200 on 19 March 2026 at Christie’s in London

我們尚不清楚洛瑞畫中的人物是否真實存在:藝術家似乎將自己的特徵與在街上擦肩而過的男女面孔互相混合。據稱此系列畫作的黯淡氛圍來自洛瑞父親於1932年過世,而母親則長期臥病在床,藝術家一直與母親同住,難免情緒低落。

5. 洛瑞曾在二戰期間於曼徹斯特擔任「火災警戒員」

曼徹斯特大轟炸期間,洛瑞主動請纓,成為一名志願火災警戒員,每週有兩至三個晚上在Debenhams或Lewis’s等城中百貨商店房頂望風。納粹德國空軍的轟炸改變了城市景觀,洛瑞的畫作忠實記錄下那段戰火紛飛的歷史。

He served as a ‘firewatcher’ in Manchester during the Blitz

Lowry volunteered two or three nights a week as a firewatcher on the roof of Manchester department stores such as Debenhams and Lewis’s. The destruction wreaked by the Luftwaffe transformed the city, and this was duly reflected in Lowry’s paintings.

In Saturday Afternoon (1941), a group of local children play a game of pick-up football on a spot of land that — until its recent demolition by bombs — had accommodated four streets of terraced houses.

After the Second World War, Lowry’s art became more upbeat

While never grim or gritty, Lowry’s scenes of high-density, working-class urban life weren’t particularly light-hearted, either. There’s a certain uniformity to his figures and a monotony to their daily grind. As Lowry said, ‘I only deal with poverty; always with gloom. You’ll never see a joyous picture of mine.’ But following the Second World War, the mood of his paintings began to shift.

Fun Fair at Daisy Nook (1953), for example, captures a sunny afternoon at the Lancashire Easter Fair. With his typical powers of observation and eye for detail, Lowry depicts balloon and whirligig sellers, children in pointed hats, dogs and prams; a slice of urban life on holiday. A panoramic view of people at leisure, Sunday Afternoon (1957), sold for £6,290,000 in March 2024 at Christie’s in London.

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), Girl with white socks, 1960. Oil on board. 8¾ x 7 in (22.3 x 17.8 cm). Sold for £107,950 on 19 March 2026 at Christie’s in London

7. 洛瑞熱愛足球

洛瑞是曼徹斯特城足球隊的忠實支持者,經常來到主場為球隊加油。他亦有數幅畫作描繪球迷前往球場或觀賞比賽的情景。2011年5月,佳士得倫敦以5,641,250英鎊的高價拍出藝術家於1949年創作的知名畫作《足球賽》,觀者透過此作可以鳥瞰賽場全景,不僅將運動場和球迷盡收眼底,更可見到賽場外的房屋與工廠。

洛瑞心系足球俱樂部的熱忱從未被忘記:2016年,曼城隊擁有者將一幅(未知)洛瑞畫作贈予球隊即將卸任的主教練曼努埃爾·佩萊格里尼(Manuel Pellegrini)。

8. 洛瑞一生都熱愛大海

洛瑞幼時起便常常來到海畔,與家人一同在北威爾士里爾市等地度假。「我一直都熱愛大海。」他後來回憶道。「海洋是多麼的美妙,但同時又是多麼的恐怖。我常常想……若是它突然改變主意,不再翻滾波濤——而是向我們直直撲來會怎樣?若是它從不停歇,只是不斷撞擊、撞擊、撞擊……那將是全世界的末日。」

洛瑞於1940、50及60年代繪下數幅海洋畫作。Hidderley表示,這些畫面中可見浩瀚無垠的海天相接,只有地平線從中分隔,「作品空曠的像是抽象藝術。」畫中不見一人一物,見證大自然無可衡量的超然存在和強大力量。

Lowry loved sport

Lowry supported Manchester City football club, and regularly attended home matches. He also painted several canvases of fans on their way to, or at games. In his famous 1949 work, The Football Match, which realised £5,641,250 in May 2011 at Christie’s in London, the viewer is offered a panoramic, bird’s-eye view of not just the pitch and supporters, but also the houses and factories beyond.

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), Going to the Match. Offset lithograph in colours, 1972, on wove paper, signed in pencil, from the edition of 300, published by the Medici Society, London, with the Fine Art Trade. Image: 530 x 685 mm. Sheet: 641 x 785 mm. Estimate: £8,000-12,000. Offered in Prints and Multiples, until 26 March 2026 at Christie’s Online

1968年,洛瑞本有可能獲得騎士爵位,但他拒絕接受。「我一生中最反感的就是任何形式的社會分歧。」他這樣對英國首相哈羅德·威爾遜(Harold Wilson)解釋道。

10. 他最鍾愛的藝術家是但丁·加百列·羅塞蒂

1948年起,洛瑞的創作開始為其帶來可觀收入,他於是搬到曼徹斯特附近的朗登達爾莫特拉姆居住,那是個富裕的鄉郊。他亦開始收藏自己喜愛的 藝術家作品,尤其是前拉斐爾時期的藝術家但丁·加百列·羅塞蒂(Dante Gabriel Rossetti)。洛瑞甚至成立了一個「羅塞蒂協會」,並成為第一任會長。「沒有藝術家同羅塞蒂一樣,他的女子(畫作)十分精妙。」

勞倫斯·斯蒂芬·洛瑞於1976年逝世,享年88歲。他一生未婚,膝下無子,身後留下了一大批羅塞蒂的油畫和素描作品。

He also had a lifelong fascination with the sea

Lowry began visiting the seaside as a boy, on family holidays to spots such as Rhyl in North Wales. ‘I’ve always been fond of the sea,’ he observed later in life. ‘How wonderful it is, yet also how terrible. I often think… what if it suddenly changed its mind and didn’t turn the tide — and came straight on? If it didn’t stop and came on and on and on and on… That would be the end of it all.’

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), Grey Sea, 1970. Oil on panel. 7 x 13¼ in (17.8 x 33.6 cm). Sold for £107,950 on 19 March 2026 at Christie’s in London

Lowry painted a number of seascapes in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. Sometimes these expanses of water and sky, separated only by the horizon line, are so empty they border on abstraction. Free of human beings, they are testament to the immeasurable power and presence of nature.

He turned down a knighthood

Despite working full-time as a rent collector, Lowry enjoyed great recognition for his art in his lifetime. He had his first solo show in London in 1939 at the Lefevre Gallery in Mayfair; he was elected a Royal Academician in 1962; and he served as a visiting tutor at the prestigious Slade School of Fine Art.

Laurence Stephen Lowry, R.A. (1887-1976), Figures Talking. 8 x 5¾ in (20.3 x 14.6 cm). Sold for £60,960 on 19 March 2026 at Christie’s in London

In 1968, Lowry was even offered a knighthood, but he turned it down. ‘All my life I have felt most strongly against social distinction of any kind,’ he told the prime minister at the time, Harold Wilson.

His favourite artist was Dante Gabriel Rossetti

In 1948, as he started to earn good money as a painter, Lowry moved to the affluent village of Mottram in Longdendale, near Manchester. He also began collecting work by artists he admired, particularly the Pre-Raphaelite Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Lowry even started a Rossetti Society, of which he became the first president. ‘There is no one quite like Rossetti,’ he said. ‘His [pictures of] women are very wonderful.’

L.S. Lowry died in 1976, at the age of 88. Unmarried and childless, he left behind a host of paintings and drawings by Rossetti.

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Related artists: Laurence Stephen Lowry

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